Taking a Look at Image Processing - 3018 Words

Image Processing is a technique to enhance raw images received from cameras/sensors placed on satellites, space probes and aircrafts or pictures taken in normal day-today life for various applications. Various techniques have been developed in Image Processing during the last four to five decades. Most of the techniques are developed for enhancing images obtained from unmanned spacecrafts, space probes and military reconnaissance flights. Image Processing systems are becoming popular due to easy availability of powerful personnel computers, large size memory devices, graphics software’s etc. The common steps in image processing are image scanning, storing, enhancing and interpretation. Image Processing is used in various applications such as, †¢ Remote Sensing †¢ Medical Imaging †¢ Non-destructive Evaluation †¢ Forensic Studies †¢ Textiles †¢ Material Science. †¢ Military †¢ Film industry †¢ Document processing †¢ Graphic arts †¢ Printing Industry 1.1. METHODS OF IMAGE PROCESSING There are two methods available in Image Processing. (1)Analog image processing (2)Digital image processing 1.1.1. ANALOG IMAGE PROCESSING Analog Image Processing refers to the alteration of image through electrical means. The most common example is the television image. The televisionShow MoreRelatedDigital Signal Processing936 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant than ever. Now that I am on the threshold of embarking on a career that will encompass a major part of my adult life, I think it is natural that I veer towards Signal processing. As I look back, I feel that my natural inclination and excellence in mathematics from childhood has led me along this path. Digital Signal processing incorporates the use of mathematics to manipulate an information signal to modify or improve it in some way, fitting naturally into my area of strength and interest. IRead MoreBehaviorism And Behaviorism Theories Of Psychology Essay1322 Words   |  6 Pagesis credited as the founder of American psychology. He believed in observing everyday psychological experiences such as attention, memory, and reasoning. James also believed that the mind way very active in nature. Behaviorism says that you have to look at psychology in a way that is observable and objective. The main focus was on how we react to stimuli. Unlike Ebbinghaus both James’s view and behaviorism stray from introspection as opposed to observation. Gestalt psychology emphasized people’sRead MoreE-Commerce Solutions for Online Business966 Words   |  4 Pagespayment options John will also feature one of the most essential e-commerce tools, the shopping cart. Credit cards options for an online business are essential to make shopping convenient, and allow for stress-free transactions for your customers. Taking credit cards requires you to obtain a merchant account and to set up your gateway and payment processor. Credit card payments allow for a diverse customer base and help attract customers looking for a secure transaction. Address verification (AVS)Read MoreA Brief Note On The Pathway Of Vision994 Words   |  4 PagesThis is so the visual field can cross the image over to the correct side of the brain that it will be essentially processed at. One pathway that the brain sees and image is the â€Å"old pathway’†, and this pathway would tell me where the balloon is and enables me to turn my head and body to follow it as it is released. The other pathway it is seen as is the â€Å"new pathway†, which determines what exactly the object is and then decides how to respond to the image. The temporal lobes control the à ¢â‚¬Å"what† thatRead MoreThe Evolution of Film-Making Technology1417 Words   |  6 Pageswas on celluloid film in which the quality of the image was very high from the beginning. However these cameras had some inconveniences. The cinematographer would have to set the lighting and frame to the directors vision and make sure that it was right. He could not see immediately if the scene was shot as desired and this caused the workflow to be very complex and time consuming which most producers would see limited. The developing, processing, transferring, editing and conforming the film normallyRead MoreDigital Cameras Has Made More And More People Amateur Photographers805 Words   |  4 Pagescomputer inside. This computer includes a lens which is able to capture a digital image and save it either on a memory card (most common) or on a hard disk drive (new feature not available on all digital cameras). This means that your pictures can be moved to computers, compact disks, differ ent mobile or portable entertainment devices. Also, you can still take your memory cards or digital cameras to film processing shops and certain convenience stores that will develop prints of your pictures – justRead MoreThe Human Computer : The Perception, Memories And Emotions That Make Up Human Consciousness973 Words   |  4 Pagesdata. The filter theory, sensory filter selects a message for further processing based on physical characteristics. Such as pitch or location. The attentuation theory ignores the filter theory, that unattended information is weakened and thus receive a reduced level of processing, participant has no awareness of it unless the meaning takes on some significance. Treisman s theory states that when you look at a visual image that you create series of maps that describe it. Many studies shown thatRead MoreIs Inattentional Blindness So Different Between The Two Tasks?1040 Words   |  5 PagesOne of my good friends is a nerdy astrophysicist and he looks like one. When he found out was I texting and driving he was outraged. He told me that every time I texted and drove I would now think of him naked; it was a strong mental image. I still think about it some days when I pick up my phone. That image got me to stop texting and driving for quote a bit of time. Despite his best efforts I still do use my phone and drive. Most people seem to fall into the same trap, but can we text and driveRead MoreQuestions On Information System And Transaction Processing System Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesSoftware c. Data d. Human Resources e. Telecommunications Types: a. Transaction processing system b. Management Information system c. Decision Support system d. Executive Information system 2. Transaction Processing System (TPS): Transaction processing system is a program or software to process all the transactions of a business or an organization. All in and out transactions are processed within Transaction processing system. All the transactions in the system undergo ACID test to ensure efficientRead More War Photographer Essay776 Words   |  4 PagesThe broad description of this poem would be about a photographer, taking pictures of scenes in the war. Judging from the language and phrases used , the pictures are not particularly nice ones. The writer is describing a photographer - the photographer is not writing about himself. The first stanza is the introducing stanza. The writer is describing the photographer as finally alone, meaning that , after he has been taking pictures of the war, while seeing everyone, he can now sit in his

Pornography Viewed by The Four Ethical Standards Essay

The word Pornography is defined as writings, photographs, movies, etc., intended to arouse sexual excitement. With each year that passes pornography has been more and more accepted, it can be seen in books, magazines, cable television and most of all through the internet. Many religions go against it, but at the same time people know that there is a reason why people go into the business and accepted it an other people just like it. In this paper I will talk about pornography and how it is viewed by the four ethical standards (Utilitarian, Kant, Human Rights and Justice is Fairness). Utility (Utilitarian) is measured by the amount of benefits for all people or greatest number of people. By this pornography is accepted since it†¦show more content†¦Off course there are exemptions on which people are brought into the business against there own will. By this standard if you choose to go into the business then by K-2 standards it is ethical. K-1 applies the Universality pri nciple, which asks the question -- Would a person in a similar circumstance do the same thing? Most of the people who are in the pornography business know that they could be making money in another way. And if asked, they would not like their son or daughter to follow their steps. By this it would flunk the K-1 standard. K-3 applies the publicity test, which asks -- Would I be willing to tell my grandmother? By majority nobody would tell their grandmother about it, if he or she is working in pornography. It would flunk the publicity test. Human Rights are what more people are concerned with. Pornography fits in where people have the freedom of speech, life and the right to pursue happiness. While people are doing it by their own means and have the adequate age then pornography is all right. In my opinion pornography does violate welfare rights, since pornography is not considered a moral and ethical way of living because it is not a descent environment. Pornography under the principle of equal liberty it is accepted since it gives liberty to choose. But the only thing is that not everyone respects the people who work in pornography, because they dont think it is right to make their living in that way. Under theShow MoreRelatedPornography is it right? Essay2384 Words   |  10 Pageschallenges the question of whether pornography is morally ethical or unethical and how society views it today. There were three key ethical theories used to related and cross-examine to see and understand the different views of pornography and how each ethical theory provides a different reasoning behind it. Whether pornography is ethical or unethical in society, this research paper provides you with concrete examples of why our society feels the way they do about pornography and what has influenced thoseRead MoreLegal or Ethical Issues in the Workplace: The Lecherous Boss3081 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Legal or Ethical Issues in the Workplace: The Lecherous Boss The workplace is a microcosm of society as a whole. Therefore, one has to anticipate that one will encounter legal and ethical issues in the workplace, just as one encounters legal and ethical issues in the world in general. Of course, not all of these problems will be significant, while others will be significant. The difficulty for the employee is determining what ethical and legal issues are critical, which ones are less importantRead MoreGlobal Marketing Leadership2244 Words   |  9 PagesGlobal Marketing: Leadership and Ethical Issues Diamond Thomas-Parks BMGT8008 – Ethics and Leadership in Global Environment November 11, 2012 PO BOX 26083 Tucson, AZ 85726 Telephone: 520-861-3118 Email:  mrsparks116@ymail.com Instructor: Dr. Tracy Elazier Abstract Some scholars view culture as fragile and if influenced by western marketing principles can compromise the integrity and uniqueness of non-western cultures. The fragility of non-western cultures is compounded with the lackRead MoreTerm Paper2879 Words   |  12 Pagesdistinguish between a gift and an bribe? Provide an example of a â€Å"gift† that falls in the gray area between a gift and a bribe. 4. Discuss the following topic: Laws do not provide a complete guide to ethical behavior. An activity can be legal but not ethical. 5. Identify and briefly discuss four reasons why computer incidents have become more prevalent. 6. Do you believe that spam is actually harmful? Why or why not? 7. Why employers do monitors workers? Do you think they should be ableRead MoreEthics of Information Communication Technology (Ict)27618 Words   |  111 PagesRegional Unit for Social Human Sciences in Asia and the Pacific (RUSHSAP) 241 ETHICS OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) 1. INTRODUCTION Globalization and digital convergence in the emerging knowledge society has raised complex ethical, legal and societal issues. We are faced with complex and difficult questions regarding the freedom of expression, access to information, the right to privacy, intellectual property rights, and cultural diversity. ICT is an instrumental need of allRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Of Children5936 Words   |  24 Pagescommission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. Child abuse can occur in a child s home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological or emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. In Western countries, preventing child abuse is considered a high priority, and detailed laws and policies exist to address this issue. DifferentRead More8 Key Element for a Business Model7314 Words   |  30 Pagesproduction  needs  using  an  Internet†based   supply  chain  management  system Slide 2-37 Internet-Enabled Value Web bl d l b Figure  5.6 Slide 2-38 Business Strategy Plan  for  achieving  superior  long†term   returns  on  the  capital  invested  in  a   business  firm   business firm Four  Generic  Strategies 1. Differentiation   2. Cost 3. Scope 4. 4 Focus Slide 2-39 Chapter 6 E-commerce Marketing Copyright  © 2010 Pearson Education, Ltd. 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6-40 Netflix N fli Strengthens and Defends Its Brand Read MoreMass Medi A Positive Side And A Negative Side3367 Words   |  14 PagesSchema/Script theory, we also have cognitive dissonance, where there is conflicting beliefs, behaviors, or attitudes. This is typically seen in the behavior of many women. The majority of the women want to be seen as attractive based on today’s society standards. The contradictory part is that they want to look beautiful but do not want to be treated like a piece of meat. In other words, they don’t want to be judged solely based on their appearance which conflicts their own actions. Lastly, priming and framingRead MoreSchool District Adminstration4672 Words   |  19 Pagesbehavioral problems could result in dismissal. Dismissal Students who are involved in any of the following forms of misconduct may be dismissed immediately from the school and reported to authorities as necessary. Alcohol, Indecent Language, Pornography, Drugs, Immorality, Rock Music, Tobacco, Chronic Behavioral Problems, Assault, Gambling, Firearms/Weapons on Campus Attendance Punctuality Classes begin promptly each morning at 8:00 a.m. If a student is NOT seated in a desk by class timeRead MoreOffensive Advertising : Advertising, Muslims, And Consumer Behaviour9514 Words   |  39 Pagesoffensiveness , which Beard (2003, 2008) sees as resulting from campaigns that utilise messages or tactics that shock, offend or harm. While Harker and Cassim s (2002) and Day (1991) view that advertising is controversial when it breaches acceptable standards of society. And according to the UK ASA (ASA, 2002), controversial advertising copy or content is that which uses strong, vulgar language, graphic, upsetting or offensive images that stereotype, oversexualise, are demeaning, or glamorise harmful

Migration in Tamil Nadu Coastel Areas free essay sample

The study area covering 240 km2 was chosen to construct the groundwater flow model in he weathered part of unconfined aquifer system. The shallow groundwater potential field computed through the flow model was then used as input to the mass transport model. MT3D computer code was used to simulate mass transport in groundwater system. The mass transport model was calibrated with field observations. The available database was, however, quite sparse. Notwithstanding, efforts were made to arrive at reasonable guesstimates of the characteristic parameters. Sensitivity analysis, an integral part of calibration was carried out whereby model parameters, viz. transmissivity, dispersivity, etc. ere altered slightly and the effect on calibration statistics was observed. This study clearly indicates that transmissivity plays a more sensitive role than dispersivity, indicating that the migration phenomenon is mainly through advection rather than dispersion. The study also indicated that even if the pollutant sources were reduced to 50% of the present level, TDS concentration level in the groundwater, even after 20 years, would not be reduced below 50% of present level. We will write a custom essay sample on Migration in Tamil Nadu Coastel Areas or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Keywords: Dindigul, groundwater pollution, pollutant migration, tannery industry, weather zone. THE study area, a granitic rock formation in Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, India possesses poor groundwater potential. Serious contamination of both surface water and groundwater has been reported in this area as a result of uncontrolled discharge of untreated effluents by 80 tanneries for the last three decades1-4. The health of the rural farming community and people working in the tanning industries has been seriously affected. They suffer from occupational diseases such as asthma, chromium ulcers and skin diseases5. About 100 km2 area of fertile land has lost its fertility. Total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration6 in roundwater at some pockets varies from 17, 024 to 30, 575 mg/l. As the discharge of effluents continues, a prognosis of fur- ther pollutant migration is carried out using a mathematical model. A numerical model of the area was developed using the finite difference technique coupled with method of characteristics and it was also used to predict TDS migration for the next 20 years. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify the parameters which influence contaminant migration. Sensitivity analysis shows that advection and not dispersion is the predominant mode of solute migration. There are a large number of ontaminant migration in the industrial belts, coastal aquifer, etc. (C. P. Gupta et al. , unpublished)7-14. The computer software MOC developed by Konikow and Bredehoeft10 based on finite difference coupled with the modified method of characteristics is used for the present study. The area is a hard-rock, drought-prone region situated in Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, India (Figure 1) and it lies between lat. and 7705308- 78001 24E long.

Diuretics Used in Sport free essay sample

Diuretics dilute urine which can often help pass drugs tests. It is important that drugs such as diuretics are identified and managed in sports performance. This is especially true at elite levels as athletes have an unfair advantage when taking drugs to improve success. The use of research questions can help the understanding of drugs such as diuretics being used in sport. For research questions to be beneficial they have to be all of the following: Specific, measurable, achievable and realistic. Below are 4 specific research questions based around diuretics being used at elite levels in sport. By identifying research questions, understanding of the problem is increased: 1. To what extent can diuretics be used to improve an athlete’s performance? The use of this research question will allow the understanding of the physiological effect diuretics have on the body of an athlete. Article: Drugs in sport: Diuretics and masking agents. Mottram. 2. What is the relationship between diuretic consumption and the masking of performance enhancing drugs? Answering this research question will allow the understanding on how diuretics can be used as a masking agent for other performance enhancing drugs. Article: Exercise and sports nutrition: Principles, Promises, science and recommendations. Krieder et al. 3. What would be the overall effects on sport if the ban on diuretics and the drugs they mask was lifted? By answering this research question, the ethics behind sport and fair play can be understood. Article: Anti-doping policies: New directions, Waddington and Smith. 4. What effects does the long term use of diuretics have on dehydration? Answering this research question will help the understanding of the effects of changing the natural balance of fluids in the body and how they can affect the liver causing dehydration. Article: Performance enhancing drugs in sport and exercise, Bahrke and Yesalis 5. What effect doe duretics have on cell structure The question being used for the remainder of this essay is: What would be the overall effects on sport if the ban on diuretics and the drugs they mask was lifted? This question can be used to understand the issues around the use of diuretics in sport. By using this research question Academic disciplines which provide theorectical underpinning to the research This question can help the understanding of the psychological effects on using diuretics. Allowing the use of diuretics in sport would affect athletes psychologically by making them feel superior and confident about their performance. However if performance enhancing drugs were legalised in sport, athletes would have unfair advantages. Diuretics are commonly used in sports which have weight categories such as boxing and body building In order to collect data from the research question, it has to be operationalised. Design Sample Instrumental Data analysis One problem with validity, one with reliability and one with ethics Validity To answer this I looked at what validity is in research terms. Basically validity is whether the research is really measuring what it claims to be measuring and as objectively as it says it is. Is the researcher really looking to prove a point or disprove a point and in doing so have they used a) Valid research questions to measure the required information and b) Is the research really measuring what is says it is measuring It is not difficult to see that if the answer to the above questions are both â€Å"no† then the research must be said to be invalid Reliability Reliability looks at whether the research can be reliable in as much as can it be applied to a wider group with confidence that the same or similar results will follow thus making the research reliable. It is clear that reliability has a direct link then to sample sizes and sample validity and the spectrum of the sample, for example if a piece of company research only sampled 50 of its customers from 20,000 customers all of whom had completed a satisfaction survey and returned it with positive result in the past, could this be said to be a reliable as it has clearly taken a relatively small sample and unethically used past known positives? It can be seen that the data capture process or research methods have a big impact on reliability. Ethics Again I sought to answer this question by looking at what ethics was in both normal everyday situations and in research terms. In both cases it appears to be about morals and right and wrong. The debate in research terms seems to be a very large one, however I came across this statement â€Å"†¦.. our assumption is that academic freedom does not confer a right to do research Anthropology Matters Journal 2010, Vol 12 (1) http://eprints. oas. ac. uk/10352/1/The_problem_of_ethics_in_contemporary_anthropological_research. pdf From this and further reading I think the single biggest problem with research ethics is different people have different ethical value bases and believe different things are right and wrong. It is clear however that if the ethical basis of the research can be easily attacked then it validity and reliability must both come into question. It is also clear that different sectors of society may take different views from different perspectives i. e. a financial institutuion may take a different view than a church. References: ALPHABETICAL ORDER Waddingoton, I. Smith, A. (2009) Addicted to winning? An introduction to drugs in sport. Richard B. Kreider, Brian C. Leutholtz, Frank I. Katch, Victor L. Katch 2009 Michael S. Bahrke, Charles Yesalis 2002 – David. R Mottram 2011 5th editition

Mccarthys Abuse Of Power Essays (2290 words) - McCarthyism

Mccarthy's Abuse Of Power McCarthy's Abuse of Power In 1954 a young junior Senator from the state of Wisconsin held the entire Senate in the palm of his hand. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy used an aggressive strategy of lies, personal attacks, and propaganda in an aggressive attempt to gain power. Was Senator McCarthy a crusader for the common good of the people or was he the ringleader of a witch-hunt seeking only political power? What tactics did McCarthy use to gain his power? What brought about his demise? Joseph McCarthy was a complex man and in order to understand his thinking you must first look at his history, tactics, and supporters. Joseph McCarthy wasn't always the brash and aggressive man that history has made him out to be. McCarthy was born to a good Irish Catholic family. Neighbors remember Joseph as being a shy lad, seen-but-not-heard. At nineteen McCarthy left home to fill a position as a store manager. At about this time the once shy and timid boy began to change into a sharp and aggressive man. McCarthy went back to sc hool where he graduated from Marquette University with the title class president and a law degree. McCarthy began practicing law in a small town and was soon offered a position with a well-respected law firm, which he snatched up. McCarthy soon became disenchanted working for someone else and wanted some power of his own. McCarthy began hobnobbing with the local clubs and organizations McCarthy was so well liked that he was elected president of the Young Democratic Clubs of Wisconsin's Seventh District. With a political backing McCarthy decided to run for district attorney of Shawano County under the Democratic ticket. McCarthy came in second losing to a Progressive candidate but beat out the Republican candidate by about a thousand votes. McCarthy polled in seven times as many votes as he should have which gave the fresh faced lawyer good hopes for the future. McCarthy, in his high spirits, than decided to go after the position of tenth circuit judge. McCarthy faced a tough challen ge because in front of his ambitions was a seasoned Judge of 35 years who most people predicted would be a sure win. One farmer describes McCarthy, ? He had barely turned thirty; he was probably the least experienced lawyer in the district, and he lacked the dignity a judge should have.? McCarthy would not let opinions get in his way and he ran a furious campaign. Judge Werner was 66 and McCarthy referred to him as ?my 73-year-old Opponent,? because of this McCarthy was able to exploit an age issue, which he used it in his campaign. McCarthy also ran an aggressive mailing campaign sending out thousands of letters. All of these factors lead Joseph R. McCarthy to the courthouse and granted him his first taste of political power. ?Judge McCarthy Breezed into the courtroom full of vim and vitality, like a strong west wind blowing through the moldering halls of justice.? McCarthy came to the courtroom with energy, which quickly dealt away a backlog of nearly 250 cases. McCarthy was not a s judicial as he was quick and was known to grant ?quickie divorces? to his political supporters. At one point the Wisconsin Supreme Court labeled his actions as ?highly improper.? While a judge McCarthy began networking and developed a list of names and numbers of key political players and media connections, which he could count on if he ever need support. In 1942 McCarthy waived his judicial deferment and joined the Marine Corps. The reason for this is shaky at least but his actions in the Corps give evidence that he needed a good military background if he were to be successful in politics. ?He quickly won a reputation among fellow officers as an ?operator? and a ?promoter. On one occasion he sat in the rear of a grounded dive bomber and fired off 4,700 rounds of ammunition, a publicity stunt which made the Associated Press wire.? In another instance McCarthy spread around a rumor that he had been wounded in action, which also made the papers back home. McCarthy with the rank of C aptain went on active leave and upon return to Wisconsin

buy custom Ballistics essay

buy custom Ballistics essay This is an ordered field of study that deals with flights, their behaviors and the resultant effects of the projectiles. Projectiles in this field include; rockets, bullets and bombs. Ballistics may also refer to an art of designing as well as accelerating projectiles so as to achieve the desired outcome. A ballistic body is an entity that can move and its appearance texture and shape can be modified. It can also be forces or substances for instance, pressure in gases which are typically used in guns. Ballistics is a pertinent subject which helps crime investigators to determine the type of the gun used during the crime. This is because the path and the damage caused by the bullet can be assessed. (Hamilton, 1908) All weapons involve shooting the ammunitions which traditionally have cartridge cases, explosive chemical, powder and a bullet; there is also the mixing of chemicals in a pellet known as primer. In these weapons, the gunpowder and the ball are fitted inside the case and the primer is at the base of the cartridge casing of the gun. Thus, when a gun is pulled, a spark is the one that explodes the chemical powder, and the blast drives the bullet to fly forward. This happens at the end of the barrel known as the muzzle. Guns and other projectiles use kinetic energy and bullets are to resist external forces acting on them during acceleration to avoid easy deceleration. These two factors are always taken into consideration during the construction of bullets and other ammunitions. Bullets are classified according to their structure and thus there are solid ones, which are sometimes referred to as homogeneous bullets since they consist of only one material or element. There are jacketed bullets which have cores coated with a thin layer of a material of another substance and there are tracer bullets, which can be either, fully jacketed or solid bullets. In weapons, propellants are the main source of acceleration energy which enables a projectile to attain a maximum velocity. This energy is normally produced in a variety of ways, and its combustion generates a gas pressure to propel the projectile. A cartridge case serves the following function; it directs the projectile in the first section of the flight, it acts as a container for transportation of the primer and the propellants, it positions the projectile and the whole weapon, and it provides an accommodation to the extractors resistance of the missile which is responsible for a uniform combustion of the chemical powder. (Moss, 1995) The field of ballistics is subdivided into three namely; interior ballistics, exterior ballistics and terminal ballistics. Interior ballistics This is concerned with what normally happens between the cartridge that is fired and the projectile that leaves the muzzle. When the primer lights the propellant, a gas is produced which quickly builds up a greater amount of pressure. This pressure in turn pushes the projectile out of the casing and upward the barrel. The distinguishing feature of the propellant powder is that the pressure generated by the gas when at its peak is normally at the same time when the projectile commences its journey up the barrel. This explains why the gun is thicker at this part than other parts for it to withstand pressure. (Ackey, 1971) When the projectile moves up the barrel, it tends to create a space for the gas to expand and on the other hand, the same gas decreases. This same gas is vital as the projectile move away from the muzzle, and this result to a rapid expansion in the air causing a gun fire. This last expansion plus the end of the friction that existed between the projectile and the barrel boosts the projectile so that its maximum velocity is achieved beyond the guns muzzle. In essences, weapons function at different gas pressures for instance shot guns and pistols act at lower pressures while automatic cannons and rifle act at higher pressures. For higher velocities to be achieved, magnum and military pistols ammunitions that are used in sub machine guns are loaded with high pressures than the normal ones. This, therefore, shows that it is dangerous to use these ammunitions in normal guns. Cannon and rifle ammunitions are put to a practical pressure since the barrel risk of tear and wear is taken into consideration as well as chances of the case sticking to the chamber and other technical problems that are likely to occur. The chamber pressure is normally measured in the metric system which uses, Kg/cm2, bar which is an atmospheric pressure measurement also the scientific mgapascal (MPa). These measurements can be converted as; 1MPa=10bar=10.2kg/cm2. The chamber pressure for shot guns is 75-90MPa, for the pistols rounds are 100-240 MPa and for rifle rounds is 310-380 MPa. The extreme loading can be up to 450MPa. In this subfield, bolt thrush is a cartridge element that influence the gun design since it refers to the rearwards push on the gun bolt that is caused by the gun firing. This usually relies on two things; the chamber pressure and the inner diameter of the base of the case. This means that the wider the case to be, the larger the surface area of the pressure to act. Thus, if a cartridge case is long and thin, it can develop the same chamber pressure like a short flat one with twice the internal base area. This short flat one develops twice a bolt thrust than the long thin one, meaning that the greater the bolt thrush the stronger the guns locking mechanisms. In interior ballistics, a suppressor is an indispensable tool since it allows for the expansion of the gas within a controlled manner. This suppressor is attached to the muzzle of the weapon so that during expansion the gas is cooled, the pressure drops, and the ammunition are released slowly by slowly to avoid violent bursting. This explains why suppressors are bulky and if the propellants are more, big suppressors are needed. On the other hand, if a weapon is unsuppressed, the muzzle report becomes a source of noise. Supersonic projectiles with muzzle velocities of over 340m/s generate supersonic cracks which can be heard from far. An example of supersonic projectiles is the rifle ammunition while pistol ammunitions are subsonic. The suppressors have been found to be the best on subsonic ammunitions. When suppressors are used with rifles, the foe can hear the cracking sound but can not establish the direction of origin unless sophisticated equipment is used to detect the direction. (Heard, 2008) In interior ballistics, muzzle energy is developed by the cartridge and is measured in joules. Joules is arrived at by multiplying the weight of the projectile by the square of the muzzle velocity in m/s hence dividing it by 2000 which is a constant. This muzzle energy is generated by a certain amount of a propellant powder, and this relies on the caliber of the weapon. This means that the bigger the caliber, the higher the energy to be produced by a given amount of the powder. The law of diminishing returns applies to the production of muzzle energy since there is a practical limit of the powder in any caliber. This is highlighted by the fact that using a larger cartridge case which has a lot of propellant attains a slighter increase in velocity from the extra powder used. If a cartridge does not use its propellant efficiently, it is normally termed as an over-bore. In conjunction with this, different projectile weights produce different energy levels. Another important element in interior ballistics is the recoil effect which is determined by the gun characteristics and the cartridges ballistics. The recoil impulse of a weapon is usually created when a cartridge is fired. Recoil has two fundamental components namely; the momentum of the projectile and the rocketing effect of the disappearing gas. The recoil of any weapon is calculated by (bullet weight multiplied by muzzle velocity) + (propellant weight multiplied by 1200 m/s). This means that a cartridge firing at 5g bullet at 500m/s it has the same bullet momentum with that firing at 10g bullet at 250 m/s. The recoil caused by the disappearing gas is not easy to calculate since it relies on the relationship that exists between the length of the barrel and the burning features of the powder. This shows that a barrel with a normal length produces high-muzzle velocity which in turn leads to higher recoil through the bullet momentum and vice-versa. Exterior ballistics This is determined by the muzzle velocity and the coefficient of ballistics. The co-efficiency of ballistics is vita; since it establishes the rate at which the projectile slows down. As it goes with the muzzle velocity, it determines the maximum range and the actual moment to fly to any distance. This time of flight then depicts the rate at which it falls as it normally occurs at a constant rate because of the velocity. This co-efficiency of ballistics, the curved path produced, and the gravitational dropping of the projectile is known as trajectory. (Carculli, 2007) In long range shootings, a minimal time flight is recommended since it maximizes the chances of hitting by decreasing thee time of flight and the flattening of the projectiles trajectory. This in turn, enables the projectile to strike the intended target at a higher velocity with an immediate effect. For this to be achieved more propellant is needed and the barrel of the weapon should be longer than the desired. Ballistics co-efficiency is determined by sectional density (SD) and the form factor (FF). Sectional density is the ratio that exists between the projectiles weight and the caliber of the weapon. It is usually calculated by multiplying the projectiles weight by 1.422 then dividing it by the caliber square which is in millimeters. FF is the element which measures the aerodynamic efficiency of the projectiles shape. Thus, it is not easy to calculate unless there are manufacturers data provided. FF varies among the supersonic and the subsonic velocities since the shape that acts best at subsonic speeds are not adept at supersonic velocities. Streamlining can be done at subsonic velocities since drags are caused by low- pressure zones created at the base of the projectile while with supersonic speeds, a nose shaped structure is needed but the rear end do not matter a lot. Addition of tracers helps generate a gas which in turn aids to fill the low-pressure zone at the base of the projecti le thus dragging can be reduced. This in the long run gives them a different trajectory. (Rollins, 2004) Terminal ballistics In terminal ballistics, there are two significant aspects namely; the effect against the armour and the effect of the projectile strike against a soft surface or the target. When a projectile is directed towards a soft surface, it is destabilized as compared to a hard target. The underlying reason is its shape which is towards the centre of gravity of the ammunition is always towards the rear end, and as such prefers naturally to fly when the base is at the fore front. When the bullet is being released and starts travelling base first, it is normally referred to as tumbling. It is a scenario caused when a bullet spins by means of the rifling maintaining the flying bullet tumble at the same time since small bullets tumbles faster than the large ones given that other things are kept constant and equal. Small identical bullets with different internal constructions tumble at different speeds. For instance, a bullet manufacture in Yugoslavia which has a lead core tumbles much faster than a bullet from Russia which is steel cored and uses the same cartridge. Thus, various tricks have been used to improve the chances of a bullet tumbling. For example, the current Russian bullet is 5.45mm, and has a hollow tip while a British one has a light weight tip filler and the weight is concentrated at the rear end of the bullet. On the other hand, if the bullet has a weaker coating, the stresses caused by the tumbling may break this process is termed as fragmentati on and usually enhance the wounding effect caused. Bullets do so when in higher velocities, and this limits them to achieve a longer range especially when fired from carbines of lower muzzle velocities. Thus, fragmentation is not a requirement of any military bullet since 7.62*51 NATO bullet does not fragment while a Germany one do so by accident and not by design (NRA Firearms Fact Book, 3rd edition, 1989). Hunters often have claimed that the striking velocity of the bullet goes higher beyond 700m/s, and the result is that the hydrostatic shock starts to appear and this effect does not replicate itself among the people. There are instances where soldiers have fought continually despite receiving serious wounds from high- speed bullets. Critical shocks impacts only occur if the bullets go beyond the speed of sound in the flesh which is just around 1500m/s. (Karl, 1994) In conjunction to this, there is stopping power which refers to the opponent so that no further fighting continues. Low powered weapons are deadly and more power is needed for it to attain an effective stopping capacity. Hence bullets placement may be significant in achieving this. This is because of it is much effective to hit an immediate area with a low powered bullet than to cause a small injury with high powered weapons. Conclusion In conclusion, ballistics is crucial since it aids in the construction of effective weapons since several measures can be followed. For instance, the size of the caliber, the amount of the propellant powder to be used, the weight of the cartridge and other factors that determine the acceleration of the projectiles. Buy custom Ballistics essay

Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Business Management - Essay Example In order to increase the volume for offerings in the business flooring, the company should consider exploration of possible efficient promotional activities. Market leadership after all is concerned about creating a need for certain product and service offerings (Kotler et al., 1999; Boone and Kurtz, 2006).Considering that the mentioned company in the case is placing higher mark up with its paint business, it is good to start the promotional activity in here in order to create more demands for both flooring and paint offerings. In this specific situation, the company should initiate a strategy such as when the customers purchased higher volume of flooring materials, the prices of paint should be lowered utilizing its higher mark up. This would ensure that the sales of paints would increase and thus its profit while increasing the disposed volume for flooring materials. This is just a matter of creating a need for product or service offerings, which is a form of market leadership. Another important factor is internal which primarily considers the human resource. Control of manpower is important because it ensures corporate success especially high value for customers at the bottom line (Moeller, 2010). As stated in the case, the management and installers usually have conflict when it comes to payment which ends up with customer delays and shoddy works. This is not going to be healthy for the said company in the long run, most especially in building customer relationship. This could not substantially provide them with effective output in providing high value for customers and in the long run this would further result to lower revenue and eventually a slow down of business. The issue in here is not just about financial control, but it substantially involves the right approach to be initiated with effective handling of human resource. The human resource needs to be substantially controlled because it affects how the